Nearly 40 years of research on the function of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has provided a
wealth of information on its contributions to behavior but has also yielded controversies and …

Prediction errors (PE) are a central notion in theoretical models of reinforcement learning,
perceptual inference, decision-making and cognition, and prediction error signals have …

Every day we make decisions critical for adaptation and survival. We repeat actions with
known consequences. But we also draw on loosely related events to infer and imagine the …

In Bayesian brain theories, hierarchically related prediction errors (PEs) play a central role
for predicting sensory inputs and inferring their underlying causes, eg, the probabilistic …

Decision-making invokes two fundamental axes of control: affect or valence, spanning
reward and punishment, and effect or action, spanning invigoration and inhibition. We …

Midbrain dopamine neurons signal reward prediction error (RPE), or actual minus expected
reward. The temporal difference (TD) learning model has been a cornerstone in …

Coupling stimuli and actions with positive or negative outcomes facilitates the selection of
appropriate actions. Several brain regions are involved in the development of goal-directed …

Senescence affects the ability to utilize information about the likelihood of rewards for
optimal decision-making. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans, we …

Social neuroscience aims to describe the neural systems that underpin social cognition and
behaviour. Over the past decade, researchers have begun to combine computational …

Learning occurs when an outcome differs from expectations, generating a reward prediction
error signal (RPE). The RPE signal has been hypothesized to simultaneously embody the …