Railway ballast beds bear cyclic loadings from vehicles and deteriorate due to ballast
particle degradation (breakage and abrasion), ballast pockets (subgrade defects), fouling (or …

The discrete element method (DEM) has been confirmed as an effective numerical method
for modelling railway ballast, and successfully used to analyse a wide range of ballast …

Conducting polymer-based thermoelectric materials are considered the most promising
candidates for applying to wearable thermoelectric devices because of their high electrical …

Before the operation of newly constructed railways, tamping and stabilizing machines
should be used to improve the quality of ballast beds. With the expansion of the railway …

Track lateral stability is one of the most critical considerations for safe and reliable railway
infrastructures. With increasing exposures to high temperatures globally, a greater …

Granular media generally exhibit fluid phase, solid phase, or two coexisting phases, and the
mechanism of the phase transition is not clear enough. Therefore, unlike the airflow …

The lateral resistance is one of the main functions of continuously welded rails that are
influenced by various factors such as rail temperature, specifications of fastening systems …

Under high-frequency impact loading, the ballast bed is prone to ballast crushing,
deterioration, and other adverse effects. The use of elastic sleepers is an effective way to …

To simulate ballast performance accurately and efficiently, the input in discrete element
models should be carefully selected, including the contact model and applied particle …

Traditional ballasted tracks have been used intensively around the world with ballast as the
main material for tracks. Ballast has a significant contribution to the track alignment, stability …