Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical
deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for …

The advent of user-friendly instruments for measuring force/deflection curves of plant
surfaces at high spatial resolution has resulted in a recent outpouring of reports of the …

Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are central to the advent of multicellular life, and their
mechanical properties are modulated by and impinge on intracellular signaling pathways …

Growth coordination between cell layers is essential for development of most multicellular
organisms. Coordination may be mediated by molecular signaling and/or mechanical …

Organ sizes and shapes are strikingly reproducible, despite the variable growth and division
of individual cells within them. To reveal which mechanisms enable this precision, we …

Plant tropism refers to the directed movement of an organ or organism in response to
external stimuli. Typically, these stimuli induce hormone transport that triggers cell growth or …

Plant organs can adopt a wide range of shapes, resulting from highly directional cell growth
and divisions. We focus here on leaves and leaf-like organs in Arabidopsis and tomato …

How appendages, such as plant leaves or animal limbs, develop asymmetric shapes
remains a fundamental question in biology. Although ongoing research has revealed the …

Gene regulatory networks control development via domain-specific gene expression. In
seed plants, self-renewing stem cells located in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) produce …

In plants, as in animals, organ growth depends on mechanical interactions between cells
and tissues, and is controlled by both biochemical and mechanical cues. Here, we …