The optimal treatment for complex fractures and large bone defects is an important unsolved
issue in orthopedics and related specialties. Approximately 5–10% of fractures fail to heal …

The perspectives of regenerative medicine are still severely hampered by the host response
to biomaterial implantation, despite the robustness of technologies that hold the promise to …

The immune system plays a central role in tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, the
immune response to tissue injury is crucial in determining the speed and the outcome of the …

The reconstitution of lost bone is a subject that is germane to many orthopedic conditions
including fractures and non-unions, infection, inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis …

Evolution of metal implants progressively shifted the focus from adequate mechanical
strength to improved biocompatibility and absence of toxicity and, finally, to fast …

Background Macrophages are heterogenous phagocytic cells with an important role in the
innate immunity. They are, also, significant contributors in the adaptive immune system …

Tissue repair/regeneration, after implantation or injury, involves comprehensive
physiological processes wherein immune responses play a crucial role to enable tissue …

Clinical studies, as well as in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that
byproducts from joint replacements induce an inflammatory reaction that can result in …

The regulatory role of the immune system in maintaining bone homeostasis and restoring its
functionality, when disturbed due to trauma or injury, has become evident in recent years …

Impaired bone healing occurs in 5–10% of cases following injury, leading to a significant
economic and clinical impact. While an inflammatory response upon injury is necessary to …