Androgens are essential sex steroid hormones for both sexes. Testosterone (T) is the
predominant androgen in males, while in adult females, T concentrations are about 15-fold …

The eukaryotic cell is a bustling collection of macromolecules acting cooperatively to
mediate the functions required for cell viability. Specific, context-dependent and tightly …

Androgen insensitivity syndrome in its complete form is a disorder of hormone resistance
characterised by a female phenotype in an individual with an XY karyotype and testes …

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) results from androgen receptor dysfunction and is a
common cause of disorder of sex development. The AIS phenotype largely depends on the …

Abstract An Endo-European Reference Network guideline initiative was launched including
16 clinicians experienced in endocrinology, pediatric and adult and 2 patient …

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the development of
chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Many of the genes required for gonad …

Sex development relies on the sex-specific action of gene networks to differentiate the
bipotential gonads of the growing fetus into testis or ovaries, followed by the differentiation of …

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is due to complete resistance to the
action of androgens, determining a female phenotype in persons with a 46, XY karyotype …

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder
resulting from maternally inherited or de novo mutations involving the androgen receptor …

Objective The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize available data on
testosterone levels in normal, healthy adult males and females, to provide a physiologic …