Gases like H2, N2, CO2, and CO are increasingly recognized as critical feedstock in “green”
energy conversion and as sources of nitrogen and carbon for the agricultural and chemical …

Oxidative stress is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a number of
diseases. In particular, it is linked to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related …

Methane is a key compound in the global carbon cycle that influences both nutrient cycling
and the Earth's climate. A limited number of microorganisms control the flux of biologically …

Prebiotic chemistry aims to explain how the biochemistry of life as we know it came to be.
Most efforts in this area have focused on provisioning compounds of importance to life by …

How and where did life on Earth originate? To date, various environments have been
proposed as plausible sites for the origin of life. However, discussions have focused on a …

Superoxide, O2•−, is formed in all living organisms that come in contact with air, and,
depending upon its biological context, it may act as a signaling agent, a toxic species, or a …

The origin of life entails a continuum from simple prebiotic chemistry to cells with genes and
molecular machines. Using life as a guide to this continuum, we consider how selection …

Flavin-based electron bifurcation is a newly discovered mechanism, by which a hydride
electron pair from NAD (P) H, coenzyme F420H2, H2, or formate is split by flavoproteins into …

BACKGROUND Archaea have been recognized as a major domain of life besides Bacteria
and Eukarya for about 40 years. Much of the pioneering research on archaeal organisms …

Biogas upgrading technologies have received widespread attention recently and are
researched extensively. Microbial biogas upgrading (biomethanation) relies on the microbial …