Dendritic cells take up antigens in peripheral tissues, process them into proteolytic peptides,
and load these peptides onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II …

MAP kinases are among the most ancient signal transduction pathways and are widely used
throughout evolution in many physiological processes. In mammalian species, MAP kinases …

After encountering antigen, helper T (TH) cells undergo differentiation to effector cells, which
can secrete high levels of interferon-γ, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10 and other …

The T helper lymphocyte is responsible for orchestrating the appropriate immune response
to a wide variety of pathogens. The recognition of the polarized T helper cell subsets Th1 …

IL-10 regulates inflammation by reducing cytokine and chemokine production from activated
macrophages. We performed microarray experiments to identify possible effector molecules …

Produced in response to a variety of pathogenic organisms, interleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐23
are key immunoregulatory cytokines that coordinate innate and adaptive immune …

In addition to coordinating immune and inflammatory responses, NF-κB/Rel transcription
factors control cell survival. Normally, NF-κB dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm by …

Stress-activated MAP kinases (MAPKs), comprised of JNK and p38, play prominent roles in
the innate and adaptive immune systems. Activation of MAPKs is mediated by a three-tiered …

Signals emanating from many cell-surface receptors and environmental cues converge on
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which in turn phosphorylate and activate …

CD4 effector T cells, also called helper T (Th) cells, are the functional cells for executing
immune functions. Balanced immune responses can only be achieved by proper regulation …