The NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) transcription factor
family is a pleiotropic regulator of many cellular signaling pathways, providing a mechanism …

Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor with key
functions in a wide array of biological systems. While the role of NF-κB in processes, such as …

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is ubiquitously expressed in brain regions
responsible for memory and learning. It plays a key role in modulating rapid changes in …

Intellectual disability (ID), also referred to as mental retardation (MR), is frequently the result
of genetic mutation. Where ID is present together with additional clinical symptoms or …

Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as cellular hubs to orchestrate signaling pathways
that regulate metabolism, redox homeostasis, and cell fate decisions. Recent research …

Microglial cells, which are highly plastic, immediately respond to any change in the
microenvironment by becoming activated and shifting the phenotype toward neurotoxicity or …

Plasticity in the brain is important for learning and memory, and allows us to respond to
changes in the environment. Furthermore, long periods of stress can lead to structural and …

The ability to modify synaptic transmission between neurons is a fundamental process of the
nervous system that is involved in development, learning, and disease. Thus, synaptic …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower
motor neurons (MNs) leading to paralysis and, ultimately, death by respiratory failure 3–5 …

We have reported that hydrogen (H 2) acts as an efficient antioxidant by gaseous rapid
diffusion. When water saturated with hydrogen (hydrogen water) was placed into the …