As a superfamily of multifunctional enzymes that is mainly associated with xenobiotic
adaptation, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) facilitate insects' survival under chemical …

Highlights•Phase I, II and III detoxification gene families are all reduced in honeybees.•
Synergistic pesticide interactions may reflect reduced detoxification gene numbers.•Dietary …

The P450 family (CYP genes) of arthropods encodes diverse enzymes involved in the
metabolism of foreign compounds and in essential endocrine or ecophysiological functions …

The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, is among the most widespread and destructive
agricultural pests, feeding on over 100 crops throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. By …

The impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on the health of bee pollinators is a topic of
intensive research and considerable current debate [1]. As insecticides, certain …

In order to study the distribution of pesticide residues in beekeeping matrices, samples of
live in-hive worker honey bees (Apis mellifera), fresh stored pollen and beeswax were …

The ecological function of secondary metabolites in plant defence against herbivores is well
established, but their role in plant–pollinator interactions is less obvious. Nectar is the major …

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the world's major pest of agriculture,
feeding on over 300 hosts in 68 plant families. Resistance cases to most insecticide classes …

The honey bee Apis mellifera, the test species used in the current environmental risk
assessment procedure, is generally considered as extremely sensitive to pesticides when …

Background Over the last two winters, there have been large-scale, unexplained losses of
managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in the United States. In the absence of a …