Cancer is a disease caused by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in two
types of genes: tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and proto-oncogenes. Extensive research …

Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by
mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling …

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a PI3K-related kinase that regulates cell growth,
proliferation, and survival via mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. The mTOR …

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease causing multisystem growth of
benign tumours and other hamartomatous lesions, which leads to diverse and debilitating …

Objective Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by the
formation of hamartomas in multiple organs. Five to 15% of affected individuals display …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is part of two distinct complexes, mTORC1,
containing raptor and mLST8, and mTORC2, containing rictor, mLST8 and sin1. Although …

Malignancy is the second most common single cause of death observed in organ transplant
recipients. The excess cancer risk is related to intensity and duration of immunosuppressive …

The signalling components upstream and downstream of the protein kinase mammalian
target of rapamycin (mTOR) are frequently altered in a wide variety of human diseases …

The liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/adenosine mono-phosphate-activated protein kinase
(AMPK)/tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and
hyperactivation of mTOR signaling plays a pivotal role in HCC tumorigenesis. Tuberous …