The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has helped us to understand how innate immunity is
activated. In addition to the Toll receptor and the Toll signaling pathway, the Drosophila …

The identification of the Drosophila melanogaster Toll pathway cascade and the subsequent
characterization of TLRs have reshaped our understanding of the immune system. Ever …

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We
describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors …

Protein expression and turnover are controlled through a complex interplay of
transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to enable spatial and …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

Research on the biological function of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key mediator of inducible
transcription in the immune system, has traditionally focused on its role in the initiation of …

The NF-κB family of transcription factors regulates the induction and resolution of
inflammation. Two main pathways, classical and alternative, control the nuclear …

One of the most fundamental questions in immunology pertains to the recognition of non-
self, which for the most part means microbes. How do we initially realize that we have been …

The IMD pathway signaling plays a pivotal role in the Drosophila defense against bacteria.
During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in identifying the …

The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor plays a critical role in diverse cellular
processes associated with proliferation, cell death, development, as well as innate and …