Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and nicotine, the
primary psychoactive constituent in tobacco, drives sustained use. The behavioral actions of …

Due in part to their rich behavioral repertoire rats have been widely used in behavioral
studies of drug abuse-related traits for decades. However, the mouse became the model of …

Understanding the genetic basis of a predisposition for nicotine and alcohol use across the
lifespan is important for public health efforts because genetic contributions may change with …

Since the cloning of the D4 receptor in the 1990s, interest has been building in the role of
this receptor in drug addiction, given the importance of dopamine in addiction. Like the D3 …

Nicotine craving and cognitive impairments represent core symptoms of nicotine withdrawal
and predict relapse in abstinent smokers. Current smoking cessation pharmacotherapies …

Memories of drug experience and drug-associated environmental cues can elicit drug-
seeking and taking behaviors in humans. Disruption of reconsolidation of drug memories …

Rationale Tobacco smoking is still a major population health issue. The endocannabinoid
system has been shown to control drug-seeking behaviors. There are two main …

Voluntary drug administration is a key facet of substance use disorder (SUD). Among the
substances included under SUD, nicotine is the leading cause of preventable death …

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in drug metabolism. While CYPs
are abundantly expressed in the liver, where CYP-mediated drug metabolism typically …

Stimulant dependence is a prolonged relapsing condition that can be exhibited by
reinstatement animal models. Dopamine D 4 receptor antagonists are shown to interrupt …