ABSTRACT A major advantage of DNA vaccination is the ability to induce both humoral and
cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines are currently used in veterinary medicine, but …

The history of DNA vaccine began as early as the 1960s with the discovery that naked DNA
can transfect mammalian cells in vivo. In 1992, the evidence that such transfection could …

Z-conformation nucleic acid binding protein 1 (ZBP1), a powerful innate immune sensor, has
been identified as the important signaling initiation factor in innate immune response and …

Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have improved human life and significantly reduced
morbidity and mortality of several human infectious diseases. However, these vaccines have …

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a broad range of biological functions in
many diverse cell types. It plays a major role in the development of inflammatory and …

Optimal immune activation of naïve CD8 T cells requires signal 1 mediated by the T cell
receptor, signal 2 mediated by co-stimulation and signal 3 provided by pro-inflammatory …

Electroporation (EP) has been used in basic research for the past 25 years to aid in the
transfer of DNA into cells in vitro. EP in vivo enhances transfer of DNA vaccines and …

Interferon-γ (IFNγ) plays various roles in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS. In an HIV-1 infected
individual, the production of IFNγ is detected as early as the acute phase and continually …

For acute self-limiting infections a vaccine is successful if it elicits memory at least as good
as the natural experience; however, for persistent and chronic infections such as HIV …

IL-2 provides a memory differentiation signal to CD8+ T cells during the primary response
that impacts the ability of the subsequent memory pool to mount a successful recall …