Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Much of the focus on the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily in cancer has
revolved around the TGFβ ligands themselves. However, it is now becoming apparent that …

The TGFβ pathway has essential roles in embryonic development, organ homeostasis,
tissue repair and disease,. These diverse effects are mediated through the intracellular …

Here, we provide fundamental insights into early human development by single-cell RNA-
sequencing of human and mouse preimplantation embryos. We elucidate conserved …

In primates, the amnion emerges through cavitation of the epiblast during implantation,
whereas in other species it does so later at gastrulation by the folding of the ectoderm. How …

Self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells are fundamentally associated with cell-cycle
progression to enable tissue specification, organ homeostasis, and potentially …

Summary Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 are the core regulators of mouse (m) ESC pluripotency.
Although their basic importance in human (h) ESCs has been demonstrated, the …

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by expression
of defined embryonic factors. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, mediated through the transcription
factors Smad2 and Smad3 (Smad2/3), directs different responses in different cell types. Here …

The cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) integrates signals into mouse embryonic stem
(ES) cells to maintain pluripotency. Although the Jak–Stat3 pathway is essential and …