Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable
coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins …

Protein homeostasis is epitomized by an equilibrium between protein biosynthesis and
degradation: the 'life and death'of proteins. Approximately one-third of newly synthesized …

Small RNAs (sRNAs) of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can enter plant cells and hijack
host Argonaute protein 1 (AGO1) to silence host immunity genes. However, the mechanism …

Cell walls define the shape of plant cells, controlling the extent and orientation of cell
elongation, and hence organ growth. The main load-bearing component of plant cell walls is …

Endomembrane trafficking is essential for all eukaryotic cells. The best-characterized
membrane trafficking organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus …

In 1981 I established kingdom Chromista, distinguished from Plantae because of its more
complex chloroplast-associated membrane topology and rigid tubular multipartite ciliary …

The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can activate autophagy when
cellular energy production becomes compromised. However, the degree to which nutrient …

Recently, we described the ubiquitylation of PYL4 and PYR1 by the RING E3 ubiquitin
ligase RSL1 at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana. This suggested that …

Filamentous (oomycete and fungal) plant pathogens deliver cytoplasmic effector proteins
into host cells to facilitate disease. How RXLR effectors from the potato late blight pathogen …

As scientists, we are at least as excited about the open questions—the things we do not
know—as the discoveries. Here, we asked 15 experts to describe the most compelling open …