Exposure to geogenic contaminants (GCs) such as metal (loid) s, radioactive metals and
isotopes as well as transuraniums occurring naturally in geogenic sources (rocks, minerals) …

Successful decommissioning of subsea oil and gas infrastructure requires a safe and
effective approach to assess and manage waste products. These products, often present as …

Crude oil and its products and wastes are among the significant sources of naturally
occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). These materials may be enhanced to high levels …

In this study, a potential radiation hazard from TENORM sludge wastes generated during
exploration and extraction processes of oil and gas was evaluated. The activity …

Scales and sludge generated during oil extraction and production can contain uranium,
thorium, radium and other natural radionuclides, which can cause exposure of maintenance …

This paper reviews the literature that identifies Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
(NORM) in oil and gas production. It further explains how processes associated with the …

Materials containing radionuclides of natural origin and being subject to regulation because
of their radioactivity are known as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). By …

Large amounts of TENORM waste (produced water, scale, and sludge) are created in
oilfields around the world, presenting radiological risks to employees, the public, and the …

The characterization and radiological study of sludge technically enhanced naturally
occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) waste samples collected from the production of …

Recent concern has been devoted to the hazard arising from naturally occurring radioactive
materials (NORM) in oil and gas facilities. Twenty-seven petroleum samples were collected …