Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in
changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are …

Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

CD47 is a broadly expressed membrane protein that interacts with the myeloid inhibitory
immunoreceptor SIRPα (also termed CD172a or SHPS-1). SIRPα is the prototypic member …

γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive
vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor belonging to
the CD28 immunoglobulin subfamily, expressed primarily by T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and …

T cells are critically important for host defense against infections. T cell activation is specific
because signal initiation requires T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of foreign antigen …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a critical negative regulator of
immune responses. Uniquely among known inhibitory receptors, its genetic ablation results …

▪ Abstract The discovery of new functions for the original B7 family members, together with
the identification of additional B7 and CD28 family members, have revealed new ways in …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI s) block CTLA‐4, PD‐1 and PD‐L1, or other molecules
that control antitumour activities of lymphocytes. These products are associated with a broad …

Protein–protein interactions have a key role in most biological processes, and offer attractive
opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Developing small molecules that modulate protein …