African trypanosomes are unicellular, eukaryotic parasites that live extracellularly in a wide
range of mammals, including humans. They have a surface coat, composed of variant …

Contingency genes are common in pathogenic microbes and enable, through pre-emptive
mutational events, rapid, clonal switches in phenotype that are conducive to survival and …

The unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei rapidly removes host-derived immunoglobulin
(Ig) from its cell surface, which is dominated by a single type of glycosylphosphatidylinositol …

Antigen variation is a successful defense system adopted by several infectious agents to
evade the host immune response. The principle of this defense strategy in the African …

Defending self against nonself is a major problem in a world in which individuals are under
constant pressure from parasites that gain fitness benefits at a cost to their host. Defences …

Metastatic cancer cells, like trophoblasts of the developing placenta, are invasive and must
escape immune surveillance to survive. Complement has long been thought to play a …

African trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that reside in the mammalian bloodstream
where they constantly confront the immune responses directed against them. They keep one …

Trypanosoma brucei and the other members of the trypanosomatid family of parasitic
protozoa, contain an unusual RNA polymerase II enzyme, uncoordinated mRNA 5 …

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is an opportunistic pathogen that affects a variety of organ
systems and is responsible for many diseases worldwide. SA express an MHC class II …

Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is caused by infection with two
subspecies of the tsetse‐fly‐vectored haemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma brucei …