In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for
visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains …

We are now living in a mobile information era, which is fundamentally changing science and
society. Location Based Services (LBS), which deliver information depending on the location …

Emergency response and pedestrian route planning rely highly on indoor–outdoor
geospatial data and a network model of the data; however, indoor geospatial data collection …

In spatial science and urban applications,“space" is presented by multiple disciplines as a
notion referencing our living environment. Space is used as a general term to help …

The aim of this paper is to present a broad perspective on applications dealing with 3D
building models and indoor navigation during an emergency. This is an immense topic …

In light of the many improvements within 3D urban modeling and Location‐Based Services,
this article provides a timely review of the state‐of‐the‐art on integrating indoor and outdoor …

Contemporary public buildings are becoming conglomerates of open, semi‐open and
closed spaces, with indoor, outdoor and underground sections. For humans and robots to …

Indoor navigation is important for various applications such as disaster management,
building modeling, safety analysis etc. In the last decade, indoor environment has been a …

This paper presents a conceptual foundation for the description of interiors of buildings. This
framework concentrates specifically on physical and conceptual subdivisions of indoor …

In addition to geometric accuracy, topological information, appearance and georeferenced
data, semantic capabilities are key strengths of digital 3D city models. This provides the …