The numerous beneficial health outcomes associated with the use of metformin to treat
patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), together with data from pre-clinical studies in animals …

Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also named macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is a
divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. While physiological …

Multiple studies have confirmed that programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand-
1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 play pivotal …

Cachexia is a metabolic mutiny that directly reduces life expectancy in chronic conditions
such as cancer. The underlying mechanisms associated with cachexia involve inflammation …

Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines
fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an …

Background Stemness, a key component of breast cancer (BC) heterogeneity, is responsible
for chemoresistance. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) induces drug resistance and …

Simple Summary Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are responsible for metastasis, they
represent tumor biology and have also predictive value for therapy monitoring and …

Cancer-related anemia (CRA) is a common multifactorial disorder that adversely affects the
quality of life and overall prognosis in patients with cancer. Safety concerns associated with …

Background Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a member of the TGF-β superfamily,
is overexpressed in various cancers and facilitates immune evasion by inhibiting T-cell …

Abstract Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is receiving great interest beyond its role
as an aging and disease-related biomarker. Recent discovery of its receptor, glial cell line …