Abstract The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a dimeric family CG protein-coupled receptor
that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid glands and the kidneys and …

Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are multivalent cations that are important for many
biologic and cellular functions. The kidneys play a central role in the homeostasis of these …

Calcium is an essential trace element and a vital contributor to numerous reactions in
virtually every human cell. To ensure normal physiologic functions, intracellular and …

Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and
increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates …

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major secretory product of the chief cells of the
parathyroid glands, and the human gene encoding PTH is located on chromosome 11. 1 …

The thick ascending limb occupies a central anatomic and functional position in human
renal physiology, with critical roles in the defense of the extracellular fluid volume, the …

In this article we consider the mechanisms by which the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)
induces its cellular responses via the control (activation or inhibition) of signaling pathways …

Central to the maintenance of calcium homeostasis is the regulated reabsorption of calcium
along the nephron. To this end, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released from the parathyroid …

Kidney stone disease is a multifactorial condition influenced by both genetic predisposition
and environmental factors such as lifestyle and dietary habits. Although different monogenic …

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class CG protein–coupled receptor that responds
to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent …