During the past 40 years, cytokines and cytokine receptors have been extensively
investigated as either cancer targets or cancer treatments. A strong preclinical rationale …

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first identified in leukemia in 1994, they have been
considered promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. These cells have self-renewal …

Immunotherapy is a clinically validated treatment for many cancers to boost the immune
system against tumor growth and dissemination. Several strategies are used to harness …

Tumor relapse after chemotherapy-induced regression is a major clinical problem, because
it often involves inoperable metastatic disease. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are …

Due to differences in anatomy, primary rectal and colon cancer require different staging
procedures, different neo-adjuvant treatment and different surgical approaches. For …

Tumor cells exist in close proximity with non-malignant cells. Extensive and multilayered
crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells tailors the tumor microenvironment (TME) to …

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that promote cancer growth, metastasis, and
regulate resistance to chemotherapy. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) also known as …

Evidence suggests that the CXC–chemokine receptor-4 pathway plays a role in cancer cell
homing and metastasis, and thus represents a potential target for cancer therapy. The …

As a versatile therapeutic modality, peptides attract much attention because of their great
binding affinity, low toxicity, and the capability of targeting traditionally “undruggable” protein …