P2X7 receptor, a purinergic receptor family member, is abundantly expressed on many cells,
including immune, muscle, bone, neuron, and glia. It acts as an ATP-activated cation …

Intracellular human pathogens are the deadliest infectious diseases and pose great difficulty
to effectively treat due to their protection inside the host cell and the development of …

Yeast culture (YC), as a member of probiotics family is a natural product produced from
yeast fermentation, affects of improving immunity. However, the intestine and liver injury and …

Macrophages are large mononuclear phagocytic cells that play a vital role in the immune
response. They are present in all body tissues with extremely heterogeneous and plastic …

Autophagy is a highly conserved dynamic process by which cells deliver their contents to
lysosomes for degradation, thus ensuring cell homeostasis. In response to environmental …

Purpose Puerarin is the main isoflavone extracted from Radix Puerariae lobata (Willd.) and
exerts a strong protective effect on endothelial cells. This isoflavone also exerts proven …

Cytokine therapy and cytokine-mediated autophagy have been used as prominent host-
directed therapy (HDT) approaches to restrain M. tb growth in the host cell. In the present …

The weaponry possessed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) in the form of
immunodominant antigens hijack the host immune system to give a survival advantage to …

Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterialinfectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tb), which causes significant mortality in humans worldwide. Current treatment regimen …

Recent studies suggest that apoptosis in macrophages plays a significant role in host
defence against intracellular pathogens like viruses, fungi, protozoan, and bacteria …