Neurons in the brain communicate by short electrical pulses, the so-called action potentials
or spikes. How can we understand the process of spike generation? How can we …

A PARADOX that exists in auditory and electrosensory neural systems1, 2 is that they
encode behaviourally relevant signals in the range of a few microseconds with neurons that …

Abstract and Summary I. 7 vocalizations emitted in the predator context are defined in terms
of their function. The physical and physiological constraints on the evolution of the physical …

Birds have proved to be extremely useful models for the study of hearing function. In
particular, chickens and barn owls have been widely used by a number of researchers to …

Directional sound receivers are useful for locating sound sources, and they can also partly
compensate for the signal degradations caused by noise and reverberations. Ears may …

Reptiles and birds have highly diverse hearing organs. Data on a huge amount of
information concerning all aspects of structural, neurophysiological and anatomical aspects …

The optic tectum (homolog of the superior colliculus) contains mutually aligned neural maps
of auditory and visual space. During development, the organization of the auditory map is …

Sounds arriving at the eardrum are filtered by the external ear and associated structures in a
frequency and direction specific manner. When convolved with the appropriate filters and …

Lizards have highly sensitive ears, but most lizard heads are small (1-2 cm in diameter)
compared to the wavelengths of sound of frequencies to which they are most sensitive (1-4 …

Köppl, Christine. Frequency tuning and spontaneous activity in the auditory nerve and
cochlear nucleus magnocellularis of the barn owl Tyto alba. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 364–377 …