Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling
entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are …

In December 2019, the outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a serious pandemic in China …

Adaptive immunity is mediated by T‐and B‐cells, which are immune cells capable of
developing pathogen‐specific memory that confers immunological protection. Memory and …

20 months has been passed since the detection of the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection
named COVID-19 from Wuhan city of China. This novel coronavirus spread rapidly around …

Classically all vaccines were produced using live or attenuated microorganisms or parts of
them. However, the use of whole organisms, their components or the biological process for …

Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an
immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength …

Vaccination is the best way to prevent and reduce the damage caused by infectious
diseases in animals and humans. So, several vaccines are used for prophylactic purposes …

Worldwide vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has allowed the detection of hematologic
autoimmune complications. Adverse events (AEs) of this nature had been previously …

Immunomodulatory peptides are a complex class of bioactive peptides that encompasses
substances with different mechanisms of action. Immunomodulatory peptides could also be …

Vaccination is the most efficient way to protect humans against pathogens. Peptide-based
vaccines offer several advantages over classical vaccines, which utilized whole organisms …