Iron is a transition metal that due to its inherent ability to exchange electrons with a variety of
molecules is essential to support life. In mammals, iron exists mostly in the form of heme …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell
types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by …

Abstract Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the inducible isoform of the heme-degrading enzyme HO,
plays a critical role in inflammation and iron homeostasis. Regulatory functions of HO-1 are …

The increase of extracellular heme is a hallmark of hemolysis or extensive cell damage.
Heme has prooxidant, cytotoxic, and inflammatory effects, playing a central role in the …

Heme is an essential molecule expressed ubiquitously all through our tissues. Heme plays
major functions in cellular physiology and metabolism as the prosthetic group of diverse …

Hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, are characterized by
enhanced release of hemoglobin and heme into the circulation, heme-iron loading of …

Intravascular haemolysis is a fundamental feature of chronic hereditary and acquired
haemolytic anaemias, including those associated with haemoglobinopathies, complement …

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules originate from
damaged cells and tissues with the ability to trigger and/or modify innate immune responses …

Macrophages reside in virtually every organ. First arising during embryogenesis,
macrophages replenish themselves in the adult through a combination of self-renewal and …

Trained immunity defines long-lasting adaptations of innate immunity based on
transcriptional and epigenetic modifications of myeloid cells and their bone marrow …