Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein
kinase family of signaling molecules. ERK is predominantly found in two forms, ERK1 (p44) …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, caused by cellular
inflammatory responses and subsequent structural disruption in osteochondral extracellular …

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosome was previously shown to be effective in repairing
critical size osteochondral defects in an immunocompetent rat model. Here we investigate …

Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease. As disease-modifying
therapies are not available, novel therapeutic targets need to be discovered and prioritized …

Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of secreted factors play
essential roles in nearly every aspect of cartilage formation and maintenance. However, the …

Highlights•Different OA etiologies present a challenge for developing a single targeted
therapy.•Common mechanisms occur in inflammatory, mechanical, and oxidative stress in …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate network of proteins that surrounds cells and
has a central role in establishing an environment that is conducive to tissue-specific cell …

Isolated hepatocytes undergo lipoapoptosis, a feature of hepatic lipotoxicity, on treatment
with saturated free fatty acids (FFA) such as palmitate (PA). However, it is unknown if …

Adult articular chondrocytes undergo slow senescence and dedifferentiation during in vitro
expansion, restricting successful cartilage regeneration. A complete understanding of the …

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) in the form of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and
cultured expansion have been applied in clinical settings in some countries to treat …