Adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells are crucial for protective
immunity against pathogens and tumors. Differentiation and function of immune cells require …

Metabolic adaptation to viral infections critically determines the course and manifestations of
disease. At the systemic level, a significant feature of viral infection and inflammation that …

When viruses infect cells, they almost invariably cause metabolic changes in the infected
cell as well as in several host cell types that react to the infection. Such metabolic changes …

Antiretroviral therapies efficiently block HIV-1 replication but need to be maintained for life.
Moreover, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection that persists despite …

Suppressive regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation is controlled by diverse immunometabolic
signaling pathways and intracellular metabolites. Here we show that cell-permeable α …

Bioenergy (ATP) is essentially required for supporting the osteogenic differentiation of bone
marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, factors such as high ROS levels and …

Cellular metabolism plays a central role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive
immunity. Immune cells utilize metabolic pathways to modulate the cellular differentiation or …

The gastrointestinal mucosa is critical for maintaining the integrity and functions of the gut.
Disruption of this barrier is a hallmark and a risk factor for many intestinal and chronic …

Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and has proven to be critical in viral
infections. Metabolic reprogramming provides the cell with energy and biomass for large …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has killed more than a million people worldwide, and …