Chloroplasts evolved from an ancient cyanobacterial endosymbiont more than 1.5 billion
years ago. During subsequent coevolution with the nuclear genome, the chloroplast …

The DNA molecules in plastids and mitochondria of plants have been studied for over 40
years. Here, we review the data on the circular or linear form, replication, repair, and …

The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but
also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic …

Plant seeds do not contain differentiated chloroplasts. Upon germination, the seedlings thus
need to gain photoautotrophy before storage energies are depleted. This requires the …

Chloroplasts are the sunlight-collecting organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes that
energetically drive the biosphere of our planet. They are the base for all major food webs by …

Anion‐coordination‐driven assembly (ACDA) is showing increasing power in the
construction of anionic supramolecular architectures. Herein, by expanding the anion …

RNA polymerase transcriptional pausing represents a major checkpoint in transcription in
bacteria and metazoans, but it is unknown whether this phenomenon occurs in plant …

Activation of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase is tightly controlled and involves a
network of phosphorylation and, as yet unidentified, thiol-mediated events. Here, we …

The plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) plays an important role in the transcription
machinery of mature chloroplasts, yet details of its function remain elusive in rice. Here, we …

Chloroplasts develop from undifferentiated proplastids present in meristematic tissue. Thus,
chloroplast biogenesis is closely connected to leaf development, which restricts our ability to …