The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays an essential role in food digestion, absorption, and the
mucosal immune system; it is also inhabited by a huge range of microbes. The GI tract is …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract interacts with the local
immune system bidirectionally. Recent publications have demonstrated that such …

Background The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal
(GI) physiology in part through interactions with the enteric nervous system (ENS) …

Background & Aims The enteric nervous system (ENS) exists in close proximity to luminal
bacteria. Intestinal microbes regulate ENS development, but little is known about their effects …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are recognized as central neurodevelopmental disorders
diagnosed by impairments in social interactions, communication and repetitive behaviours …

Infants and young children receive the highest exposures to antibiotics globally. Although
there is building evidence that early life exposure to antibiotics increases susceptibility to …

Interactions between the enteric nervous system (ENS), immune system, and gut microbiota
regulate intestinal homeostasis in adults, but their development and role (s) in early life are …

During embryonic development, the gut is innervated by intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic
nerves. Focusing on mammalian ENS development, in this Review we highlight how …

Background & Aims Although chronic diarrhea and constipation are common, the treatment
is symptomatic because their pathophysiology is poorly understood. Accumulating evidence …

Adolescence is a critical period of development. It is very likely that there is significant
maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gut during this stage of life, especially …