Inter-individual variability in drug response, be it efficacy or safety, is common and likely to
become an increasing problem globally given the growing elderly population requiring …

Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a life-threatening,
immunologically mediated, and usually drug-induced disease with a high burden to …

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic
symptoms (DIHS/DRESS) is one example of a severe delayed T-cell–mediated adverse …

Individuals differ substantially in their response to pharmacological treatment. Personalized
medicine aspires to embrace these inter-individual differences and customize therapy by …

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the most polymorphic in the human genome
that has been associated with protection and predisposition to a broad array of infectious …

To embrace the prospects of accurately diagnosing thousands of monogenic conditions,
predicting disease risks for complex traits or diseases, tailoring treatment to individuals' …

IM-ADRs remain a challenge in persons living with HIV. The complexities posed by
polypharmacy, overlapping drug toxicities, drug interactions, overlap of IM-ADRs with other …

Human genetic studies have long been vastly Eurocentric, raising a key question about the
generalizability of these study findings to other populations. Because humans originated in …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2 (ERAPs) are crucial
enzymes shaping the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) immunopeptidome. In the …

The pathogenesis of SJS/TEN remains unclear and effective therapeutic agents have not yet
been established. As the involvement of innate immunity, such as monocytes and …