Estimates of the time at which life arose on Earth make use of two types of evidence. First,
astrophysical and geophysical studies provide a timescale for the formation of Earth and the …

The giant impact hypothesis remains the leading theory for lunar origin. However, current
models struggle to explain the Moon's composition and isotopic similarity with Earth. Here …

The Moon forming giant impact marks the end of the main stage of Earth's accretion and sets
the stage for the subsequent evolution of our planet. The giant impact theory has been the …

Due to tidal interactions in the Earth-Moon system, the spin of the Earth slows down and the
Moon drifts away. This recession of the Moon can now be measured with great precision, but …

The silicate Earth is strongly depleted in moderately volatile elements (such as lead, zinc,
indium and alkali elements) relative to CI chondrites, the meteorites that compositionally …

Abstract Tides and Earth‐Moon system evolution are coupled over geological time. Tidal
energy dissipation on Earth slows rotation rate, increases obliquity, lunar orbit semi‐major …

During accretion, terrestrial bodies attain a wide range of thermal and rotational states,
which are accompanied by significant changes in physical structure (size, shape, pressure …

The Moon is traditionally thought to have coalesced from the debris ejected by a giant
impact onto the early Earth. However, such models struggle to explain the similar isotopic …

Among the elements exhibiting non-mass dependent isotopic variations in meteorites,
chromium (Cr) has been central in arguing for an isotopic homogeneity between the Earth …

The Moon is depleted in water and other volatiles compared to Earth and the bulk solar
composition. Such depletion of volatile elements and the stable isotope fractionations of …