Helminth parasite infections are associated with a battery of immunomodulatory
mechanisms that affect all facets of the host immune response to ensure their persistence …

The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity,
assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune …

Alternatively activated (also known as M2) macrophages are involved in the repair of various
types of organs. However, the contribution of M2 macrophages to cardiac repair after …

The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious
agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth …

Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, deliver inhibitory signals that
regulate the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. Immune …

Macrophages are innate immune cells with well-established roles in the primary response to
pathogens, but also in tissue homeostasis, coordination of the adaptive immune response …

The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) surface receptor binds to two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-
L2. Studies have shown that PD-1–PD-L interactions control the induction and maintenance …

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and its ligand PD‐L1 have attracted wide attention
from researchers in the field of immunotherapy. PD‐1/PD‐L1 have been shown to exist in …

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC-2s) regulate immune responses to pathogens and
maintain tissue homeostasis in response to cytokines. Positive regulation of ILC-2s through …

The programmed death-1 (PD-1) costimulatory receptor inhibits T and B cell responses and
plays a crucial role in peripheral tolerance. PD-1 has recently been shown to inhibit T cell …