Opiates are among the oldest medications available to manage a number of medical
problems. Although pain is the current focus, early use initially focused upon the treatment of …

Severe pain has profound physiologic effects on the endocrine system. Serum hormone
abnormalities may result and these serve as biomarkers for the presence of severe pain and …

Background Whether used for pain management or recreation, opioids have a number of
adverse effects including hormonal imbalances. These imbalances have been reported to …

Opioid therapy is one of the most effective forms of analgesia currently in use. In the past few
decades, the use of opioids as a long-term treatment for chronic pain has increased …

Purpose The use of opioids in patients with chronic non-cancer pain is common and can be
associated with opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD) in men. This review aims to …

Opioids remain the mainstay of severe pain management in patients with cancer. The
hallmark of pain management is individualization of therapy. Although almost all clinically …

Objective Millions of patients continue to require opioid analgesics for control of moderate to
severe chronic pain, which is a disease that affects more Americans than cancer, heart …

The current literature describes the possible risks for bone fracture in chronic analgesics
users. There are three main hypotheses that could explain the increased risk of fracture …

Chronic opioid therapy (defined as greater than 3 months on opioids) is a common practice
for those with non-cancer pain, cancer survivors with treatment-related pain, and individuals …

Opioids play a pivotal role in managing chronic pain with increasing prescription rates over
the last few years. Hence, it is crucial to focus on the adverse effects of narcotics, and one of …