Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with
increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies …

The innate and adaptive immune systems are well equipped to protect the lung from
pathogen invasion. BRD is a complex syndrome, however, caused by multiple factors …

Studies in young animals have shown an association between vitamin deficiencies and
increased risk of infectious disease; however, there is a paucity of information regarding the …

Vaccines are one of the most important tools available to prevent and reduce the incidence
of infectious diseases in cattle. Despite their availability and widespread use to combat …

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide.
It has an integral role in enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia …

Ruminant γδ T cells were discovered in the mid-1980′ s shortly after a novel T cell receptor
(TCR) gene from murine cells was described in 1984 and the murine TCRγ gene locus in …

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial disease of cattle which
presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents of BRDC work in synergy …

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects the lung epithelium where it stimulates
the production of numerous host cytokines that are associated with disease burden and …

Gamma–delta T cells (γδ T cells) are an unique group of lymphocytes and play an important
role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems under homeostatic …

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease in
young calves. The virus is genetically and antigenically closely related to human (H) RSV …