Nonunion following a long bone fracture causes considerable morbidity when it occurs. Risk
factors depend on specific fractures but there is a complex interplay of injury severity …

Background and Objectives: Uncertainty about the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous electric
nerve stimulation (TENS) to alleviate pain spans half a century. There has been no attempt …

Background: The use of operative treatment for clavicular fractures is increasing, despite
varying results in previous studies. The aim of this study was to compare plate fixation and …

Background: The treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures remains controversial.
Methods: We undertook a multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare effectiveness …

Background: There is no consensus on the choice of treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures
(MCFs). Purpose: The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were (1) to compare …

Background: Clavicle fractures are common injuries causing substantial morbidity. Recent
literature suggests that the incidence of surgically treated clavicle fractures has increased …

Management of clavicle fracture has progressed over the last decade, notably with wider
use of surgery in midshaft fracture, and new techniques for lateral fracture. Midshaft clavicle …

Background Clavicle (collarbone) fractures account for around 4% of all fractures. Most
(76%) clavicle fractures involve the middle‐third section of the clavicle. Treatment of these …

Background This review covers two conditions: acute clavicle fractures and non‐union
resulting from failed fracture healing. Clavicle (collarbone) fractures account for around 4 …

Background Surgical treatment with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of displaced
middle-third clavicular fractures resulted in shorter complete return to work periods with …