Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in
preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

Epidemiological data demonstrate that while women report lower rates of drug use than
men, the number of current drug users and abusers who are women continues to increase …

In this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto
the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by loss of control over intake
and dysregulation of stress-related brain emotional systems. Since the discovery by Wylie …

Although both men and women become addicted to drugs of abuse, women transition to
addiction faster, experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent, and relapse more often …

Substance use and abuse begin during adolescence. Male and female adolescent humans
initiate use at comparable rates, but males increase use faster. In adulthood, more men than …

Tobacco use is a major economic and health problem. It is particularly concerning that
women consume more tobacco products, have a more difficult time quitting smoking, and …