Increasing urbanisation has inevitably led to the continuous construction of buildings. Urban
expansion and densification processes reshape cities and, in particular, the third dimension …

Street trees are important components of an urban green space and understanding and
measuring their ecological and cultural services is crucial for assessing the quality of streets …

Building heights are one of the crucial data for comprehending the functions of urban
systems. Employing optical remote sensing imagery, the shadow-based method is one of …

Distance and incidence angle effects play crucial roles in determining the raw intensity
captured by light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. For these two effects, the …

Scan positioning for documenting the geometry of an existing building still relies on the
experience of an expert surveyor. Therefore, it is important to utilize optimal scan positioning …

Terrestrial hyperspectral light detection and ranging (LiDAR)(HSL), as one novel LiDAR
system integrated with more wavelengths, has supplied enhanced possibilities in many …

The visual quality of urban streets is of vital importance for establishing a satisfying and
comfortable experience for the residents in an urban community. It also has positive effects …

Urban digitalization, autonomous driving, and 3D map construction all benefit greatly from
the ability of mobile LiDAR systems (MLS) to swiftly capture centimeter-level accuracy point …

Visual perception of the urban landscape in a city is complex and dynamic, and it is largely
influenced by human vision and the dynamic spatial layout of the attractions. In return …

Historic gardens, regarded as a significant genre of cultural heritage, encapsulate the
enduring essence of bygone eras while concurrently transcending temporal boundaries to …