Our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the
nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors (2011) contained a number of …

Nowadays, caffeine is one of the most commonly consumed substances, which presents in
many plants and products. It has both positive and negative effects on the human body, and …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

The purinergic signaling molecule adenosine (Ado) modulates many physiological and
pathological functions in the brain. However, the exact source of extracellular Ado remains …

Mental fatigue reflects a change in psychobiological state, caused by prolonged periods of
demanding cognitive activity. It has been well documented that mental fatigue impairs …

Adenosine receptors (ARs) comprise a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which
mediate the physiological actions of adenosine. To date, four AR subtypes have been …

To match the metabolic demands of the brain, mechanisms have evolved to couple neuronal
activity to vasodilation, thus increasing local cerebral blood flow and delivery of oxygen and …

Basal synaptic transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters at individual synapses
in response to a single action potential. Recent discoveries show that astrocytes modulate …

Nucleotides play a crucial role in extracellular signaling across species boundaries. All the
three kingdoms of life (Bacteria, Archea and Eukariota) are responsive to extracellular ATP …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, age-related progressive neurological disorder,
and the most common type of dementia in aged people. Neuropathological lesions of AD …