For many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have'rapid
eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived …

The evolutionary origins of sleep and its sub-states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-
REM (NREM) sleep, found in mammals and birds, remain a mystery. Although the discovery …

While sleeping, many vertebrate groups alternate between at least two sleep stages: rapid
eye movement and slow wave sleep,,–, in part characterized by wake-like and synchronous …

Sleep and sleep-like states are present across the animal kingdom, with recent studies
convincingly demonstrating sleep-like states in arthropods, nematodes, and even …

The dynamic nature of sleep in many animals suggests distinct stages that serve different
functions. Genetic sleep induction methods in animal models provide a powerful way to …

Previous observations suggest the existence of 'Active sleep'in cephalopods. To investigate
in detail the behavioral structure of cephalopod sleep, we video-recorded four adult …

Sleep is mandatory in most animals that have the nervous system and is universally
observed in model organisms ranging from the nematodes, zebrafish, to mammals …

Identifying different sleep stages in humans and other mammals has traditionally relied on
electroencephalograms. Such an approach is not feasible in certain animals such as …

It is only in recent decades that subjective experience-or consciousness-has become a
legitimate object of scientific inquiry. As such, it represents perhaps the greatest challenge …

General anesthetics cause a profound loss of behavioral responsiveness in all animals. In
mammals, general anesthesia is induced in part by the potentiation of endogenous sleep …