Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are risk factors for
chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is …

Fibrosis is a process characterized by an excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix
as a response to different types of tissue injuries, which leads to organ dysfunction. The …

Extracellular vesicles are released by the majority of cell types and circulate in body fluids.
They function as a long-distance cell-to-cell communication mechanism that modulates the …

Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney
injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of …

Exosomes are discoid vesicles with a diameter of 40–160 nm. They are mainly derived from
the multivesicular body formed by the invagination of lysosomal particles in the cell, which …

The advancement of microRNA (miRNA) therapies has been hampered by difficulties in
delivering miRNA to the injured kidney in a robust and sustainable manner. Using …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression.
They have important roles during kidney development, homeostasis and disease. In …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated
proteins that regulate a wide range of developmental processes, including limb and kidney …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a severe microvascular complication frequently associated with
both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, is a leading cause of renal failure. The condition …

An effective host defense mechanism involves inflammation to eliminate pathogens from the
site of infection, followed by the resolution of inflammation and the restoration of tissue …