The extraordinary adaptations of birds to contend with atmospheric conditions during their
migratory flights have captivated ecologists for decades. During the 21st century …

Migration is a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom, including many taxonomic
groups and modes of locomotion. Developing an understanding of the proximate and …

This book outlines the principles of flight, of birds in particular. It describes a way of
simplifying the mechanics of flight into a practical computer program, which will predict in …

The Flexible Phenotype attempts a true synthesis of physiology, behaviour, and ecology by
developing an empirical argument that describes the intimate connections between …

Mountain ranges, deserts, ice fields and oceans generally act as barriers to the movement of
land-dependent animals, often profoundly shaping migration routes. We used satellite …

Biologists have developed a wide range of morphological, biochemical and physiological
metrics to assess the health and, in particular, the energetic status of individual animals …

During migration, long-distance migratory songbirds may fly nonstop for days, whereas
shorter-distance migrants complete flights of 6 to 10 h. Fat is the primary fuel source, but …

Ecology Letters (2011) Abstract Animal migration is one of the great wonders of nature, but
the factors that determine how far migrants travel remain poorly understood. We present a …

Background Understanding how environmental conditions, especially wind, influence birds'
flight speeds is a prerequisite for understanding many important aspects of bird flight …

Populations of the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica; Scolopacidae) embark on some of
the longest migrations known among birds. The baueri race breeds in western Alaska and …