Introduction: Currently the treatment of chronic pain is inadequate and compromised by
debilitating central nervous system side effects. Here we discuss new therapeutic strategies …

The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of
intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common difficult-to-treat condition where the goal, in the absence of
disease-modifying treatments, is to alleviate symptoms such as pain and loss of function …

Kappa-opioid receptors (KOR) are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system,
where they modulate a range of physiological processes depending on their location …

The mechanisms by which noxious stimuli produce the sensation of pain in animals are
complex. Noxious stimuli are transduced at the periphery and transmitted to the CNS, where …

Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids is a major problem in chronic pain
management. Microglia are implicated in opioid tolerance, but the core mechanisms …

Acute or chronic pain is a major source of impairment in quality of life and affects a
substantial part of the population. To date, pain is alleviated by a limited range of treatments …

Background Cinobufagin is the major bufadienolide of Bufonis venenum (Chansu), which
has been traditionally used for the treatment of chronic pain especially cancer pain. The …

One of the main challenges in contemporary medicinal chemistry is the development of safer
analgesics, used in the treatment of pain. Currently, moderate to severe pain is still treated …

Gabapentinoids are recommended first-line treatments for neuropathic pain. They are
neuronal voltage-dependent calcium channel α2δ-1 subunit ligands and have been …