The use of biopharmaceuticals dates from the 19th century and within 5-10 years, up to 50%
of all drugs in development will be biopharmaceuticals. In the 1980s, the biopharmaceutical …

Over the last decade, a rich variety of massively parallel assays have revolutionized our
understanding of how biological sequences encode quantitative molecular phenotypes …

Co-inhibitory immune receptors can contribute to T cell dysfunction in patients with cancer,.
Blocking antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and …

Multiplex assays of variant effect (MAVEs), such as deep mutational scans and massively
parallel reporter assays, test thousands of sequence variants in a single experiment. Despite …

Deep mutational scanning is a foundational tool for addressing the functional consequences
of large numbers of mutants, but a more efficient and accessible method for construction of …

Identifying viral mutations that confer escape from antibodies is crucial for understanding the
interplay between immunity and viral evolution. We describe a high-throughput approach to …

Despite the central role that antibodies play in the adaptive immune system and in
biotechnology, much remains unknown about the quantitative relationship between an …

The biophysical and functional properties of monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug candidates
are often improved by protein engineering methods to increase the probability of clinical …

The increasing resistance of many microbial strains to antibiotics, delayed laboratory results,
and side effects of many chemotherapeutics has raised the need to search for sensitive …

Highlights•Deep sequencing permits examination of local protein fitness landscapes.•NGS
aids in engineering affinity and specificity for protein molecular recognition.•Application to …