Tumor cells harbor genetic alterations that promote a continuous and elevated production of
reactive oxygen species. Whereas such oxidative stress conditions would be harmful to …

The cytosolic selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, TXNRD1), and to some extent
mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2), can be inhibited by a wide range of electrophilic …

Redox homeostasis refers to the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species
(ROS) as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and their elimination by antioxidants. It is …

Abstract Significance: The thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems play important
roles in maintaining the redox balance in the brain, a tissue that is prone to oxidative stress …

Mitochondria serves a primary role in energy maintenance but also function to govern levels
of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mROS). ROS have long been established …

Glutaredoxin, Grx, is a small protein containing an active site cysteine pair and was
discovered in 1976 by Arne Holmgren. The Grx system, comprised of Grx, glutathione …

Over the last decade fundamentally new features have been revealed for the participation of
glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin) …

For over 40 years, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and balance
has been studied in the context of oxidative distress and tissue damage. However, research …

Significance: All cells must maintain a balance between oxidants and reductants, while
allowing for fluctuations in redox states triggered by signaling, altered metabolic flow, or …

This review on recent research advances of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-
nonenal (HNE) has four major topics: I. the formation of HNE in various organs and tissues …