Inhibitory co-receptors downmodulate B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling by setting a
signalling threshold that prevents overstimulation of B cells. Activation of these inhibitory co …

The JNKs are members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) which regulate many
physiological processes including inflammatory responses, macrophages, cell proliferation …

Mature B-lymphocytes develop sequentially from transitional type 1 (T1) and type 2 (T2)
precursors in the spleen. To elucidate the mechanisms that regulate the developmental fate …

Several primary murine and human B lymphomas and cell lines were found to constitutively
express high levels of the activated form of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the …

Semaphorins belong to a family of membrane-bound and secreted molecules that regulate
the functional activity of axons in the nervous system. Sema4A and Sema4D were the first …

A requirement for cyclin D2 in G 1-to-S phase progression has been definitively established
in mature B cells stimulated via the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). However, the identity of …

Objective B cells play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases,
including systemic lupus erythematosus. It is not well understood how B cell signaling …

Introduction B lymphocytes remain in a resting state until activated by antigenic stimuli
through interaction with the B cell receptor (BCR). Coreceptors on B cells can modulate the …

Abstract CD72, a 45-kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein carrying an ITIM motif, is
believed to be an inhibitory coreceptor of the BCR. Mature B cells lacking CD72 show …

KIT activation, through binding of its ligand, stem cell factor, is crucial for normal mast cell
growth, differentiation, and survival. Furthermore, KIT may also contribute to mast cell …