Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen acquisition by plants, algae, yeasts, and
fungi. Nitrate, its main substrate, is required for signaling and is widely distributed in diverse …

In plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulates rapidly in response to environmental
stress and variations in its endogenous concentration have been shown to affect plant …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous reactive oxygen species (ROS) that has evolved as a
signaling hormone in many physiological processes in animals. In plants it has been …

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important elements that has a central impact on plant growth
and yield. N is also widely involved in plant stress responses, but its roles in host-pathogen …

The natural environment of plants is composed of a complex set of abiotic stresses and their
ability to respond to these stresses is highly flexible and finely balanced through the …

Jasmonates (JAs) are naturally occurring plant growth regulators and ubiquitous in plant
kingdom. JAs are involved in the improvement of crop performance under natural and …

In plant cells the free radical nitric oxide (NO) interacts both with anti-as well as prooxidants.
This review provides a short survey of the central roles of ascorbate and glutathione—the …

Photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense are three important biological
processes that have been investigated separately for decades. Photosynthesis generates …

Background and aims After a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th
century, nitric oxide (NO) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. Nitric oxide …

Biotic factors affect plant immune responses and plant resistance to pathogen infections.
Despite the considerable progress made over the past two decades in manipulating genes …