Chronic liver disease when accompanied by underlying fibrosis, is characterized by an
accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and chronic inflammation. Although …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent effector in the liver, which is involved in a
plethora of processes initiated upon liver injury. TGF-β affects parenchymal, non …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of proteins and proteoglycans secreted
by keratinocytes, fibroblasts and immune cells. The function of the skin ECM has expanded …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises chronic relapsing disorders of the
gastrointestinal tract characterized pathologically by intestinal inflammation and epithelial …

Background & Aims Activation of TGFB (transforming growth factor β) promotes liver fibrosis
by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but the mechanisms of TGFB activation are not …

Hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HF-MSCs) show considerable therapeutic
potential for liver cirrhosis (LC). To improve the effectiveness of naïve HF-MSC treatments on …

Summary CD4+ T helper (Th) differentiation is regulated by diverse inputs, including the
vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA). RA acts through its receptor RARα to repress …

Aberrant transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling is a hallmark of the stromal
microenvironment in cancer. Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3), shown to inhibit TGF-β signaling, is …

T-follicular helper (TFH) cells are a subset of CD4+ helper T cells that help germinal center
(GC) B-cell differentiation and high-affinity antibody production during germinal center …

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an acquired chronic inflammatory dermatosis predominantly
affecting the anogenital area with recalcitrant itching and soreness. Progressive or persistent …