Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) signalling is of paramount importance to immunity. Regulated
increases in cytosolic and organellar Ca2+ concentrations in lymphocytes control complex …

Ion channels play a central role in the regulation of nearly every cellular process. Dating
back to the classic 1952 Hodgkin–Huxley model of the generation of the action potential, ion …

The electromechanical function of the heart involves complex, coordinated activity over time
and space. Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias arise from asynchrony in these space–time …

The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

Sensory photoreceptors underpin light-dependent adaptations of organismal physiology,
development, and behavior in nature. Adapted for optogenetics, sensory photoreceptors …

The L-type Cav1. 2 calcium channel is present throughout the animal kingdom and is
essential for some aspects of CNS function, cardiac and smooth muscle contractility …

Excitation–transcription coupling (E–TC) links synaptic and cellular activity to nuclear gene
transcription. It is generally accepted that E–TC makes a crucial contribution to learning and …

Lysosomes communicate through cholesterol transfer at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact
sites. At these sites, the Niemann Pick C1 cholesterol transporter (NPC1) facilitates the …

Optogenetics combines light and genetics to enable precise control of living cells, tissues,
and organisms with tailored functions. Optogenetics has the advantages of …

Sensory photoreceptors not only control diverse adaptive responses in Nature, but as light-
regulated actuators they also provide the foundation for optogenetics, the non-invasive and …