Highlights•Urban ecosystems are expanding worldwide with major effects on
biodiversity.•All species are embedded in various antagonistic and mutualistic interactions.• …

Urban areas are growing worldwide and alter landscapes in a persistent fashion, thereby
affecting biodiversity and ecosystem services such as pollination in a little understood way …

Managed populations of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) support the production of
a global food supply. This important role in modern agriculture has rendered honey bees …

Large-scale declines in bee abundance and species richness over the last decade have
sounded an alarm, given the crucial pollination services that bees provide. Population dips …

Multiple global change pressures, and their interplay, cause plant–pollinator extinctions and
modify species assemblages and interactions. This may alter the risks of pathogen host …

Evidence for global bee population declines has catalyzed a rapidly evolving area of
research that aims to identify the causal factors and to effectively assess the status of …

Land transformation, including urbanization, is a dominant form of anthropogenic change to
the global environment at the dawn of the Anthropocene epoch. More and more species are …

Several species of bumblebees have recently experienced range contractions and possible
extinctions. While threats to bees are numerous, few analyses have attempted to understand …

Anthropogenic changes create evolutionarily novel environments that present opportunities
for emerging diseases, potentially changing the balance between host and pathogen …

Many insect species, including social insects, are currently declining in abundance and
diversity. Pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals, or airborne fine particulate matter from …